How the pandemic affected interregional inequality in Russia

Analysis of trends in interregional inequality in Russia in 2015–21 and of the actual outcome during the 2020 pandemic and the subsequent recovery in 2021 reveals short-term regional convergence in seven indicators, albeit of different depth and duration. Sub-federal budget revenue experienced the most significant and persistent reduction in interregional disparities, the main sources of which were a reduction of unevenness in a number of taxes, a significant increase in federal transfers and a change in their nature. After a strong short-term convergence, industry, trade, transport and investment all tended to return to long-term divergence paths. Personal income and wage inequality responded weakly to the shock in the short term and entered the new long-term path. Multidirectional spatial trends resulted from the interaction of sectorial and fiscal policy effects during the pandemic. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Cómo ha afectado la pandemia en las desigualdades interregionales en Rusia. Area Development and Policy. En los análisis sobre las tendencias en las desigualdades interregional en Rusia durante el periodo de 2015 a 2021, el resultado actual durante la pandemia de 2020 y la recuperación posterior en 2021 se observa una convergencia regional a corto plazo en siete indicadores, si bien con diferencias en cuanto a la profundidad y la duración. En los ingresos presupuestales subfederales se observó la reducción más significativa y persistente en las desigualdades interregionales, siendo las principales fuentes la reducción de las desigualdades en una serie de impuestos, un aumento significativo en las transferencias federales y un cambio en su naturaleza. Tras una fuerte convergencia a corto plazo, la industria, el comercio, el transporte y las inversiones tendían a volver a las rutas de divergencia a largo plazo. Los ingresos personales y las desigualdades salariales respondieron débilmente al choque a corto plazo y entraron en una nueva fase a largo plazo. Las tendencias espaciales multidireccionales surgieron a partir de la interacción de los efectos de la política sectorial y fiscal durante la pandemia. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Как пандемия повлияла на межрегиональное неравенство в России. Area Development and Policy. Анализ тенденций межрегионального неравенства в России в 2015–21 гг. и фактического неравенства во время пандемии 2020 г. и последующего восстановления в 2021 г. выявил краткосрочную конвергенцию регионов по семи показателям разной глубины и продолжительности. В доходах субфедерального бюджета произошло наиболее значительное и стойкое сокращение межрегиональных диспропорций, основными источниками которого стали уменьшение неравномерности по ряду налогов, значительное увеличение федеральных трансфертов и изменение их характера. После сильной краткосрочной конвергенции промышленность, торговля, транспорт и инвестиции, как правило, возвращались к долгосрочным траекториям дивергенции. Неравенство личных доходов и заработной платы слабо отреагировало на шок в краткосрочной перспективе и вступило на новую долгосрочную траекторию. Разнонаправленные пространственные тренды возникали в результате взаимодействия отраслевых эффектов и фискальной политики во время пандемии. (Russian) [ FROM AUTHOR] 流行病如何影响俄罗斯地区间不平等? Area Development and Policy. 本文分析了2015–21年间俄罗斯区域间不平等趋势、2020年爆发的流行病所造成的实际结果以及2021随后的疫情恢复情况, 研究表明七个指标在短期内区域趋同, 尽管深度和持续时间不同。联邦以下各级预算收入在区域间差异方面经历了最显著和持久的减少, 其主要来源是一些税收不平衡性减少, 以及联邦转移的显著增加和其性质的改变。在短期强劲趋同之后, 工业、贸易、运输和投资都倾向于回归长期的趋同路径。个人收入和工资不平等在短期内对冲击反应微弱, 并进入新的长期路径。多方的空间趋势是流行病期间部门和财政政策影响相互作用的结果。 (Chinese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Area Development & Policy is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Covid Impact Analysis on Small and Medium Sized French Enterprises

Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SME) are the backbone of the economy of developed countries. Given their importance to the economy, it is necessary to analyze and study the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on their activities. Hence, this research evaluates the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the French SMEs ecosystem. We analyze the impact on the default percentage of several different economic sectors. We focus our analysis on 4 different sectors: Wholesale & retail trade, repair of motor vehicles;Construction;Manufacturing;Accommodation and food service activities. We found that the default percentage evolution is similar across the studied sectors. Furthermore, we conclude that the limited impact of Covid-19 on French SMEs can be explained by the solidarity fund implemented by the French government to reduce the economic impact of the pandemic. © 2023 IEEE.

Assessing the informational content of card transactions for nowcasting retail trade: Evidence for Latvia

We use a novel card transaction data maintained at the Central Bank of Latvia to assess their informational content for nowcasting retail trade in Latvia. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia, the retail trade turnover dynamics underwent drastic changes reflecting the various virus containment measures introduced during three separate waves of the pandemic. We show that the nowcasting model augmented with card transaction data successfully captures the turbulence in retail trade turnover induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The model with card transaction data outperforms all benchmark models in the out-of-sample nowcasting exercise and yields a notable improvement in forecasting metrics. We conduct our nowcasting exercise in forecast-as-you-go manner or in real-time squared;that is, we use real-time data vintages, and we make our nowcasts in real time as soon as card transaction data become available for the target month. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Forecasting published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Online Retail in China and Russia: Current State and Development Prospects

In recent years, due to the digitalization of the economy, there has been a rapid development of online commerce around the world. China is a global leader in online trade;the country demonstrates the highest volumes of the online sales market. The Russian online sales market is the most dynamic, Russia ranks first in terms of the growth rate of online retail. Within the framework of this study, we analyze the current state of online retail trade in China and Russia over the recent years, assess the contribution of e-commerce to the retail turnover of the two countries, identify factors affecting the active and dynamic development of this sector and promising directions for further development of online consumption in the context of modern socio-economic transformations. In the course of the research, we have found that the successful development of online retail in China is the result of an effective system of political regulation and stimulation of this segment, constant expansion and improvement of Internet coverage, improvement of e-commerce infrastructure and people's financial situation. In Russia, the widespread use of the Internet, including on mobile devices, the transformation of consumer attitudes, requests and preferences, the increase in sales volumes of the largest marketplaces and online stores reflect large reserves and great potential for further growth and successful development of this sector. The main directions for further development of the e-commerce segment are as follows: improving the standard of living and quality of life, improving the infrastructure of online commerce, mainly in the direction of ensuring the security of online payments and other transactions, expanding the informatization of rural areas and their population, greening online consumption, improving the regulatory framework in the field of e-commerce.

Analytical Toolkit in Terms of Increasing Competitiveness under Unstable Economic Conditions

The turbulence of the business environment creates special conditions for business. In particular, challenges in the context of business competitiveness are growing under unstable conditions at the micro and macro level. The aim of the paper is to determine the role of analytical tools in increasing the level of competitiveness of Ukrainian companies under unstable business conditions. It is emphasized that under the influence of agile global socio-economic processes, companies face the problem of maintaining the level of competitiveness through the use of outdated analytical tools. Attention is drawn to the fact that in Ukraine the problem of using analytical tools for that purpose is exacer-bated by protracted socio-economic and financial-economic crises, the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, active hostilities, and humanitarian crisis caused by war. It is emphasized that Ukrainian companies are forced to look for the latest approaches to the development and application of analytical tools in terms of ensuring competitiveness. In particular, the special focus of Ukrainian business is aimed at building an integrated system of competitiveness management, covering all aspects of economic activity that are directly or indirectly related to the creation of competitive advantages. Analysis of macro-level indicators is performed in the context of determining the state of factors influencing Ukrainian business competitiveness. The dynamics of unemployment, consumer prices, and retail trade turnover in Ukraine are proposed as key indicators of the state of the national economy and prospects for its development, which in turn indicate the state of competitiveness. The analysis of the state of competitiveness in Ukraine on the basis of the Index of Economic Freedom was carried out separately. Emphasis is placed on urgent challenges for Ukrainian enterprises in the context of the difficult state of competitiveness in comparison with developed and developing countries in the European region. It is proposed to use the unemployment rate, consumer price index, and the dynamics of retail trade as the main drivers of competitiveness at the macro level. It is emphasized that there is a need to integrate macro-and micro-level indicators into the Balanced Scorecard analytical tool in order to make management decisions regarding business competitiveness.

The Grocery Trolley Race in Times of Covid-19: Evidence from Italy

We study the effects of the containment measures imposed by the Italian Government during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on sales of the retail trade sector, focusing on different types of grocery chain stores. We document a sustained growth in revenues for storable products, beginning right before restrictions on mobility were introduced, and lasting throughout the whole lockdown period. The surge has been driven by the dynamics of smaller outlets, located in urban areas and closer to the city centre, while hypermarkets experienced a drop, probably relating to their more peripheral position. Thanks to the remarkable granularity of the Nielsen scanner data and the staggered implementation of restrictions across regions, we causally identify the short-term effects of mobility constraints on outlets’ sales. According to our estimates, large grocery stores in areas subject to lockdown measures earned revenues around 10% lower than their control group did. In view of the protraction of the pandemic and the need for the Government to continue managing the containment of infections, our study helps quantifying the costs for the economy of mobility restrictions, also highlighting possible distortions arising among different categories of outlets.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Wholesale and Retail Trade—Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Sector in Romania

The Wholesale and retail trade—repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (section G of the National Classification of Economic Activities)—represents a fundamental component of the Romanian economic mechanism. The understanding of the economic and social impact of this sector is important through both the substantiation of the strategies of competing companies, as well as through the perspective of the public policies that have an impact on this sector and on the socioeconomic environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the Wholesale and retail—repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sector in Romania during the state of emergency period and to highlight the main measures proposed for diminishing the effects of COVID-19 and re-launching the sector. The research methods used to achieve the purpose of this study are the bibliometric analysis, the descriptive analysis and the k-means algorithm. The results obtained highlight an impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which differs based on the nature, the goods (food and non-food products) and the trading method (traditional trade, online trading). The COVID-19 impact is also reflected in the number of individual labor agreements suspended or annulled, during this period, with many people entering into furlough or losing their job. At the same time, the recovery time after the previous crisis of 2008 was 6 years for the gross and retail trade overall. In order to reduce the recovery time of the Wholesale and retail—repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sector as a result of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus, the authors propose a series of measures in both the economic and social sector and outline the expected effect as a result of these proposed measures. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

COMPLAINT MANAGEMENT IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONS: THE EXAMPLE OF GITTIGIDIYOR.COM IN PANDEMIC CONDITIONS.

Complaint management can become a process where one-to-one meetings are held with the customer, and customer loyalty is created by turning the crisis arising from dissatisfaction into an opportunity if managed correctly. Therefore, it is essential to use interpersonal communication techniques correctly and to analyze the customer's complaints and expectations correctly. In order to establish a healthy communication with the customer and a strong customer relationship management, complaints should be managed strategically. In this context, it was announced between April 29th and May 17th, 2021 and lasted for 19 days, in order to understand what kind of strategies the companies followed to eliminate the disruptions in the purchasing experience offered to customers during the full closure process, due to the fact that users turned to online shopping during the COVID 19 pandemic, where all life flows through social media. Customer complaints of the "Gittigidiyor.com" online shopping site, which was selected as the "most successful brand" by the website, from the relevant link of the official website of "Sikayetvar.com", in the period covering the full closing period and the first 19 days of the full opening period started as of July 1st, 2021. examined. The negative experiences of the customers regarding the purchasing processes, the complainant customer profile of the company, the complaints and the communication with the customers in the process of resolving the complaints through the customer complaints on the website sahibinden.com were analyzed by content analysis method by creating a customer type model. There were no great differences in the number of complaints and solutions in the full opening and full closing processes. Gittigidiyor customers experience problems in 7 categories: return problems, lack of invoice or warranty document, problems caused by cargo, problems using coupons or discount vouchers, exchange problems, order cancellation problems and system-related problems. These complainant customer types, who personalize the negativities, regret, advise the company or the company's customers, give advice, take advantage, compare the company with its past and current situation or its competitors, accuse the company and make threats, have made an important contribution to Gittigidiyor with their feedback. Because the company dealt with these customers directly, found solutions to their problems, had one-on-one meetings using interpersonal communication techniques, and turned the crisis into an opportunity by managing the process correctly, the customers drew their complaints and gave the company 5 stars. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Şikâyet yönetimi, müşteri ile birebir görüşmenin yapıldığı, doğru yönetilirse memnuniyetsizlikten ortaya çıkan krizin fırsata çevrilerek müşteri sadakatinin yaratıldığı bir süreç haline gelebilmektedir. Bu yüzden de kişilerarası iletişim tekniklerinin doğru bir şekilde kullanılması, müşterinin, şikâyetinin ve beklentilerinin doğru analiz edilmesi elzemdir. Müşteri ile sağlıklı bir iletişimin kurulması ve güçlü bir müşteri ilişkileri yönetimi için, şikâyetlerin stratejik bir şekilde yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Müşteri şikâyetini doğrundan firmaya ileterek kişilerarası iletişim sürecini başlatmaktadır. Bu bağlamda tüm hayatın sosyal medya üzerinden aktığı COVÍD 19 pandemisi sürecinde kullanıcıların online alışverişe yönelmesi nedeniyle şirketlerin tam kapanma sürecinde, müşterilere sunduğu satın alma deneyimindeki aksaklıkları gidermek üzere ne tür stratejiler izlediğini anlamak amacıyla 29 Nisan-17 Mayıs 2021 tarihleri arasında ilan edilen ve 19 gün süren tam kapanma dönemi ile 1 Temmuz 2021 tarihi itibariyle kapsamında başlatılan tam açılma döneminin ilk 19 gününü kapsayan süreçte "Şikayetvar.com"'un resmi internet sitesinin ilgili linkinden, site tarafından "en başarılı marka" olarak seçilen "Gittigidiyor.com" online alışveriş sitesinin müşterileri şikayetleri incelenmiştir. Müşterilerin, satın alma süreçlerine yönelik olumsuz deneyimleri, şikayetvar.com sitesi müşteri şikâyetleri üzerinden şirketin şikâyetçi müşteri profili, şikâyetleri ve müşterileriyle şikâyet çözme sürecindeki iletişimleri müşteri tipi modeli oluşturularak içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Tam açılma ve tam kapanma süreçlerinde şikâyet ve çözüm sayılarında çok büyük farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır. "Gittigidiyor" müşterileri firmadan gerçekleştirdikleri alışverişlerde iade problemleri, fatura ya da garanti belgesinin olmayışı, kargodan kaynaklı sorunlar, kupon ya da indirim çeki kullanma sorunları, değişim problemleri, sipariş iptali problemleri ve sistemden kaynaklı sorunlar olmak üzere 7 kategoride sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Olumsuzlukları kişiselleştiren, pişman, firmaya ya da firmanın müşterilerine akıl veren/nasihatte bulunan, üstünlük taslayan, firmayı geçmişi ve şimdiki hali ya da rakipleriyle kıyaslayan, firmayı suçlayan ve tehditler savuran bu şikâyetçi müşteri tipleri geribildirimleri ile "Gittigidiyor"'a önemli bir katkı sağlamışlardır. Çünkü firma bu müşterileriyle doğrudan ilgilenip, sorunlarına çözüm bulduğu, kişilerarası iletişim tekniklerini kullanarak birebir görüştüğü, süreci doğru yöneterek krizi fırsata çevirdiği için müşteriler bu şikâyetlerini çekip, firmaya 5 yıldız vermişlerdir. (Turkish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Eurosia Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19-September 30, 2020.

Worksites with on-site operations have experienced coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks. We analyzed data for 698 nonresidential, nonhealthcare worksite COVID-19 outbreaks investigated in Los Angeles County, California, USA, during March 19, 2020‒September 30, 2020, by using North American Industry Classification System sectors and subsectors. Nearly 60% of these outbreaks occurred in 3 sectors: manufacturing (n = 184, 26.4%), retail trade (n = 137, 19.6%), and transportation and warehousing (n = 73, 10.5%). The largest number of outbreaks and largest number and highest incidence rate of outbreak-associated cases occurred in manufacturing. Furthermore, 7 of the 10 industry subsectors with the highest incidence rates were within manufacturing. Approximately 70% of outbreak-associated case-patients reported Hispanic ethnicity. Facilities employing more on-site staff had larger and longer outbreaks. Identification of highly affected industry sectors and subsectors is necessary for targeted public health planning, outreach, and response, including ensuring vaccine access, to reduce burden of COVID-19 in vulnerable workers.